Over 15,000 Māori and Moriori Treasures Reside Abroad, Expert Reveals

A recent assessment indicates that more than 15,000 Māori and Moriori cultural heritage items are currently held in museums and universities around the world. Arapata Hakiwai, a prominent figure at Te Papa Tongarewa, the Museum of New Zealand in Wellington, shared these findings, emphasizing the urgent need for awareness and action regarding these cultural treasures.

Hakiwai, who has been with Te Papa since its inception in 1998, recounted the pivotal moment that shaped his career. He was encouraged to join the museum by academic Sir Hirini Moko Mead, who recognized his potential in the field. Hakiwai quickly found himself immersed in the complexities of museum practices, particularly regarding the historical treatment of Māori and Moriori artifacts.

Upon delving into the museum’s holdings, Hakiwai discovered a troubling reality: many items associated with Māori and Moriori ancestors were taken from their communities, often through trade or sale. He noted, “Māori and Moriori ancestors, hundreds, thousands of them were taken… and our museum was implicitly involved in that.” His research has revealed that the number of cultural heritage pieces located in overseas institutions has likely surpassed 16,000, with significant collections found in over 33 museums across the United States and more than 30 in the United Kingdom.

Among these institutions, the Field Museum in Chicago houses one of the largest collections, comprising approximately 2,500 Māori taonga. Hakiwai pointed out that the vast majority of Māori and Moriori individuals are unaware of the extent of these collections or the whereabouts of their cultural heritage. He stated, “Over 95 percent wouldn’t know of that, wouldn’t be aware of the extent of that or where their taonga are, or who have them.”

Hakiwai believes that access to this information should be regarded as a right for Māori and Moriori people, rather than a privilege. He highlighted the uniqueness of certain artifacts, such as Te Rā, housed in the British Museum, which have no equivalents in New Zealand.

The Karanga Aotearoa repatriation programme, which began in 2003, initially focused on the return of human remains. Hakiwai noted significant progress in international cooperation, with many museums now agreeing to return ancestral remains, a notable shift from previous practices. Despite this progress, he expressed concern over ongoing acquisitions by some museums, stating that the tradition of amassing cultural treasures must come to an end.

The impact of the 1984 Te Māori exhibition has been profound, fostering better relationships between Māori and overseas museums. Hakiwai recounted how the Field Museum was the last venue for Te Māori, leading to initiatives aimed at restoring cultural connections, such as the restoration of the wharenui Ruatepupuke. Originally built in 1881 in Tokomaru Bay, this meeting house now resides in Chicago, having traveled through Frankfurt in Germany.

Hakiwai became involved in the restoration of Ruatepupuke in the 1990s after elders from Tokomaru approached him about the need to “re-clothe” their ancestral house. Initially, he assumed the project would end with the wharenui’s repatriation. However, the elders expressed a desire to collaborate with the Field Museum to ensure that Ruatepupuke could be appropriately cared for while remaining in Chicago.

He believes that museums can play a crucial role in supporting cultural identity and heritage. Hakiwai stated, “If that is the desire of iwi, hapū, and whānau for their taonga to be returned… we will work with them to achieve those ends.” He emphasized the importance of having taonga returned to their communities, where they can be celebrated and recognized for their historical and cultural significance.

Hakiwai’s insights challenge the conventional role of museums and advocate for a future where cultural heritage is not merely stored but actively integrated into the lives of the communities it represents.